【立此存照】中英文对照，方舟子剽窃铁证如山

   2001.11转载自万维读者教育与学术论坛

   作者：离乡客

   One such dilemma is the trolley dilemma: A runaway trolley is headed for five people who will be killed if it proceeds on its present course. The only way to save them is to hit a switch that will turn the trolley onto an alternate set of tracks where it will kill one person instead of five. Ought you to turn the trolley in order to save five people at the expense of one? Most people say yes.

   其中较著名的一个是“电车难题”：假设有一列失控的有轨电车飞奔而来，前面有两条轨道，一条站着五个人，一条站着一个人。如果不扳道岔，电车将冲向第一条轨道压死五个人。那么是否应该扳道岔，将电车引向另一条轨道，压死上面的那一个人？大多数人会回答应该，因为牺牲一个人拯救五个人是值得的。

   Now consider a similar problem, the footbridge dilemma. As before, a trolley threatens to kill five people. You are standing next to a large stranger on a footbridge that spans the tracks, in between the oncoming trolley and the five people. In this scenario, the only way to save the five people is to push this stranger off the bridge, onto the tracks below. He will die if you do this, but his body will stop the trolley from reaching the others. Ought you to save the five others by pushing this stranger to his death? Most people say no.

   现在，再考虑另一个难题：同样有一列失控的有轨电车飞奔而来，前方的轨道上站着五个人，处于危险之中。在电车和五个人中间，隔着一座天桥，桥上站着一位陌生的大胖子。拯救这五个人的唯一办法，是把这个大胖子推下天桥，电车将他撞死后就会停下来。那么是否应该把这个人推下桥去拯救五个人？大多数人会对这个“天桥难题”说不应该。

   Taken together, these two dilemmas create a puzzle for moral philosophers: What makes it morally acceptable to sacrifice one lifeto save five in the trolley dilemma but not in the footbridge dilemma? Many answers have been proposed. For example, one might suggest, in a Kantian vein, that the difference between these two cases lies in the fact that in the footbridge dilemma one literally uses a fellow human being as a means to some independent end, whereas in the trolley dilemma the unfortunate person just happens to be in the way.

   为什么同样是牺牲一个人拯救五个人，人们却会做出不同的道德判断？对诸如此类问题的争论，使得哲学家可以有用武之地了。一种经典的解释是，在“电车难题”中，牺牲掉的那个人是不幸碰巧站在另一条轨道上，并没有被直接用来拯救另五个人；而在“天桥难题”中，胖子是直接被用来拯救五个人的，因此直接利用一个人的生命来拯救他人，是不道德的。

   This answer, however, runs into trouble with a variant of the trolley dilemma in which the track leading to the one person loops around to connect with the track leading to the five people (1). Here we will suppose that without a body on the alternate track, the trolley would, if turned that way, make its way to the other track and kill the five people as well. In this variant, as in the footbridge dilemma, you would use someone's body to stop the trolley from killing the five. Most agree, nevertheless, that it is still appropriate to turn the trolley in this case in spite of the fact that here, too, we have a case of "using."

   那么我们再来看一个“电车难题”的变型：假设站着一个人的那条轨道的另一端是跟另一条轨道相连的，即形成一个回路，如果那上面没有这个人，电车会从这条轨道绕回来到另一条轨道压死五个人。在压死这个人后，电车会停下来，不会危及另五个人。在这种情况下，是否应该把电车引向站着一个人的轨道去压死他？虽然这一次，这个人是被直接利用了，大多数人仍然会回答应该。

   We maintain that, from a psychological point of view, the crucialdifference between the trolley dilemma and the footbridge dilemmalies in the latter's tendency to engage people's emotions in a way that the former does not. The thought of pushing someone to hisdeath is, we propose, more emotionally salient than the thought of hitting a switch that will cause a trolley to produce similarconsequences, and it is this emotional response that accounts for people's tendency to treat these cases differently.

   有的心理学家认为，“天桥难题”之所以和“电车难题”的选择结果不同，是因为将一个人推下桥这种做法让人在感情上接受不了，觉得太残忍。也就是说，感情会影响人们的道德判断。

   (中间关于实验描述部份，是节录，不一一摘取相应的原句)

   但是，这个实验其实并没有解决这些道德难题。它并没有告诉人们，把一个人推下天桥救其他人是对是错，而是告诉人们，为什么人们会做出是对是错的选择。换句话说，它只是揭示了人们做道德判断时的一个心理机制。

   The present results raise but do not answer a more general question concerning the relation between the aforementioned philosophical and psychological puzzles: How will a better understanding of the mechanisms that give rise to our moral judgments alter our attitudes toward the moral judgments we make?

   有一个问题仍然有待解决：在我们对道德判断的心理机制有了更好的理解后，是否会影响我们的道德决定？如果会的话，将会有怎样的影响？

   英文出处，作者：Joshua D. Greene 等

   中文出处，作者：方舟子