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乐清外贸公司与长荣航运公司海上货物运输合同争议案初步法律意见书/郭国汀
乐清外贸公司与长荣航运公司海上货物运输合同争议案
初步法律意见书/郭国汀
一、 基本案情:
1、2000年 月 日原告通过货代向长荣海运发出海运出口货物代运委托单(证据1),最后装船期限8月30日,货物件数为556箱 FOBUSD98000。 8月25日上海航华国际船务代理有限公司作为代理人签发第CF30003号注明承运人为被告的正本指示提单(证据2);提单注明: “Shipper’s load and count said to contain:556 cartons GE Breakers”(托运人装载和计数据称装556箱GE Breakers) 封号为SH06634。 2、货物运抵目的港后,据称买方与当地海关,港口当局共同开箱验货发现短少108箱。原封铅号据称未受损(证据3、原文为西班牙语)。
3、本案买卖双方原约定用信用证支付,货物分三批发运,买方支付了第一票货款,第二批及第三批货物因信用证规定的发货期过期,而开证行同意修改展期的通知未通知议付行,因而无法通过信用证议付货款。买方数十次承诺支付第二批货款但迄今未付。
4、据称买方已提取该集装箱(2000年11月9日Maritime del Caribe Dominican. S.A.MCD 发e-mail 称:收货人已提取集装箱。同时证明:in accordance with local legislation in the Dominican republic, all import cargo is discharged into the custody of the port authorizes/customs who in turn are solely responsible for the correct release of the cargo to the rightful consignee upon presentation of pertinent documents and payment of the relevant customs duties , taxes, dues etc. hence neither the carrier nor the agent will accept any responsibility in the case of incorrect release of the cargo after delivery to the port authority /customs by the carrier(证据4).11月13日再次发电子邮件称:“交付的集装箱铅封号是6634,与离开POL时相同”(证据5);11月16日通过电子邮件确认:“concerning the state of the seal, it did arrive with no signs of being violated. (证据6)”
5、被告于2000年11月14日传真称:“该集装箱运抵接收人的仓库原铅封完好无损”(证据7);11月16日被告称:“根据卸货理货记录显示其铅封号与提单相同”(证据8)。11月22日被告传真说:“according to Dominican Republic Legislation all import cargo is discharged into the custody of the port authorities/customs who in turn are solely responsible for the correct release of cargo the the rightful party upon presentation of pertinent documents and pay to the relevant fees. In the circumstance, it is out of our control to release cargo ”(证据9);11月27日被告传真再次重申该主张(即该集装箱运抵接收人的仓库原铅封完好无损)(证据10)。
6、11月12日买方电子邮件称:“in Customs. I haven’t cleared custom yet, because I made a reclamation to the shipping company because there was 108 CTNS less on the container.”(证据11); 11月14日买方说:“we can check the container with copy documents but we can’t clear custom without originals.”(证据12); 12月12日买方电子邮件称:“we can open the containers with a GUARANTEE of an insurance company that we are going to give the original Bill of lading in the future.” “there weren’t any sign that the seal was touched before”(证据13)。
7、提单背面条款第25条(5)规定:“Notwithstanding anything else to the contrary contained within this Bill of Lading, where in accordance with local legislation all import cargo is discharged into the custody of the port authority or customs and such agencies in turn are solely responsible for the correct release of the cargo to the rightful consignee upon presentation of the pertinent documentation and payment of relevant customs duties , taxes, dues and any other charges. Therein such countries neither upon presentation of the pertinent documentation and payment of relevant customs duties, taxes , dues and any other charges. Then in such countries neither the Carrier nor its agents will be responsible or liable in the event of incorrect release of the cargo after its delivery to the port authority or customs by the Carrier(证据14)。
二、 争议问题
1、 短卸货物应由谁承担责任?原告应当向谁主张权利?
2、 无单放货承运人是否应承担赔偿责任?
3、 本案适用法律?管辖法院?
三、 评析
(一) 承运人应对货物短卸承担赔偿责任。
虽然本案货物运抵目的港经检验发现短卸108箱,第二批货物又发现短卸104箱(第二票提单未见,提单如何批注不明),且据称卸货时原铅封完好无损,没有任何证据显示该原始铅封曾被破坏过,提单批注有“托运人装载和计数556箱”。被告辩称 “it was the shipper who performed stuffing and packing of the cargoes,the carrier had never been involved in and unknown to the contents whereof. Pursuandt to 10 Clause, the carrier are not in a position to entertain your claim and hereby repudiate the liability entirely.”然而该内容数量不知条款不完整,因而并不能使承运人得以免责。因为其仅仅注明:“shipper’s load and count”而未注明 “sealed”.据此,承运人完全有权也有机会复验箱内数量,至于承运人事实上是否行使了该项权利无关紧要。无论承运人是否复点过数量,均不能免除其责任。本案集装箱是由谁铅封的,是本案责任承担的关健。从提单本身无法判断由谁封签,至少从表面证据上看,不能认定是托运人铅封,那么理当认定是由承运人封铅。
数量内容不知条款的效力,取决于承运人接收托运的货物时是否有机会有可能复验箱内的内容。如果承运人有机会有能力复验却放弃此种权力,且签发清洁提单,则应对无辜的第三人承担责任。原告正是此种第三人,虽然提单载明原告为托运人,但实际上向承运人交货是由货代公司履行的。因此,原告可以向承运人主张索赔货物短卸的损失赔偿。
(二) 无单放货一般而言承运人应承担赔偿责任,承运人应凭正本提单放货是国际惯例。但该惯例在若干南美国家诸如:委内瑞拉、洪都拉斯等并不适用。多米尼加是否有此种法律有待进一步查证。
本案能否向被告主张其无单放货的权利,取决于多米尼加国是否存在此种法律及此种法律是否强制性的规范。
从现有证据看,似乎其确有该法律规定,被告及Maritime del Caribe Dominicana.S.A.MCD.均提及有此种法律规定。但要确认此点必须提供该法规的正本文件,最好经公证认证。
如果该国确实有此种法律规定,承运人在一定条件下可以免除由于错误交货的法律责任。问题是并非有此种法律规定,承运人就必定免责,因此有必要对此进一步分析。
如果承运人严格地按照当地法律行事,且该法律是强制性的,那么应当说承运人可以免责。但该法规规定: “All import cargo is discharged into the custody of the port authority or customs who in turn are solely responsible for …”.这里法规要求的是卸至港口当局或海关监管。应可以认为凡不是卸进港口当局或海关监管地者即不符合要求。被告曾于2000年11月14日传真称:“该集装箱运抵接收人的仓库原铅封完好无损”(证据7)从该表面证据显示被告未严格按该国法律(如果确有该法的话)要求行事,因此似乎可以据此主张该法对本案并不适用。
再者,即便确有此种法律且该法是强制性的,但该法并未规定买方可以任意提货,而是必须提交“有关的单证”all import cargo is discharged into the custody of the port authority or customs and such agencies in turn are solely responsible for the correct release of the cargo to the rightful consignee upon presentation of the pertinent documentation。这里的有关单证应指正本提单。对此买方11月14日说:“we can check the container with copy documents but we can’t clear custom without originals.”(证据12); 12月12日买方再次称:“we can open the containers with a GUARANTEE of an insurance company that we are going to give the original Bill of lading in the future.” “there weren’t any sign that the seal was touched before”(证据13)。由此证实,即便货物依当地法律应交付港口当局或海关监管地,买方要向该当局或海关提取货物也是有严格条件的。亦即凭正本文件或担保提货。
此外,承运人在其提单背面条款第25条(5)规定的免责条件是::“Notwithstanding anything else to the contrary contained within this Bill of Lading, where in accordance with local legislation all import cargo is discharged into the custody of the port authority or customs and such agencies in turn are solely responsible for the correct release of the cargo to the rightful consignee upon presentation of the pertinent documentation and payment of relevant customs duties , taxes, dues and any other charges. Therein such countries neither upon presentation of the pertinent documentation and payment of relevant customs duties, taxes , dues and any other charges. Then in such countries neither the Carrier nor its agents will be responsible or liable in the event of incorrect release of the cargo after its delivery to the port authority or customs by the Carrier(证据14)。亦即只有正当的收货人提交了有关的文件的前提下,承运人才能够免责。而本案原告仍持有全套正本提单,因此收货人不可能呈交“pertinent documentation”.因面也有不符合其自订的免责条件,当然其无权主张免责。关健在于确认该 “相关的文件”是否指正本提单或包括担保文件。如果指前者,则承运人肯定必须承担错误交货之责,如果包括后者,则该担保是向谁提交,如果向当局提交则承运人亦有义务向当局主张担保之债权。如果向承运人提交,则承运人更是难辞其责。
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