http://www.de-sci.org/blogs/qwatch/?p=29506

   一、剽窃与拼凑示众

   A. Roberta C. Barbalace: A Brief History of Asbestos Use and Associated Health Risks：

   http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/environmental/asbestoshistory2004.html

   原文：

   Interestingly enough, the hazards of asbestos were recorded as early as Roman times. Both Pliny the Elder and the first century geographer Strabo noted that workers exposed to asbestos had many health problems. Pliny the Elder recommended that quarry slaves from asbestos mines not be purchased because “they die young.” Lung ailments were common to anyone who worked with asbestos fibers. Pliny the Elder suggested the use of a respirator made of transparent bladder skin to protect workers from asbestos dust.

   方文：

   古希腊历史学家、地理学家斯特拉博和古罗马博物学老普利尼已经注意到，那些开采石棉矿和编织石棉布的奴隶的身体健康有各种问题，特别是他们容易得肺病。老普利尼曾经建议用膀胱做成口罩来保护工人不要吸入石棉粉尘，并告诉奴隶主不要购买在石棉矿工作过的奴隶，因为这些奴隶会过早地死去。

   原文：

   In early Greek and Roman times, it was used for flame retardant cloth, building materials and women’s clothing. Roman restaurants used tablecloths made of asbestos. These tablecloths were flame retardant and could be thrown into the fire to remove food and other debris, and placed back on the table for the next customer.

   方文（复述）：

   人类很早以前就开采石棉，用它来制造不怕火烧的衣服，它们脏了，用火一烧，就又洁白如故，所以中国古代称之为用火来洗的布——“火浣布”【此说中文网络中到处都是，比如百度百科】。古罗马的餐馆喜欢用石棉做的桌布，上一拨顾客走了，把桌布往火里一扔，烧掉了油脂、食物残渣，就又可以铺桌迎接下一拨顾客。

   原文：

   In 1897 a Viennese physician attributed emaciation and pulmonary problems to (asbestos) dust inhalation. The first documented case of an asbestos-related death was reported in 1906 when the autopsy of an asbestos worker revealed lung fibrosis. As early as 1908 insurance companies began decreasing policies and benefits for asbestos workers. Metropolitan Life increased the premiums for such workers. In 1928 Cook identified the effects of asbestos in the lungs as asbestosis. He pointed out that this fibrotic scarring of lungs resulting from prolonged exposure to asbestos dust could have a latency period of 15 years. Others have suggested that the latency period can be much longer. In 1929 a coroner called for public enquiry after the death of an employee. By 1935 physicians were beginning to notice that some patients who had asbestosis also were victims of lung cancer.

   方文（复述）：

   在20世纪初，研究人员开始注意到石棉矿工人和附近居民有大量的肺病和过早死亡的病例。1906年，对一名石棉工人的尸体进行解剖，发现他的肺部呈纤维化，这是首次确定与石棉有关的死亡案例。1928年，一位医生提出，长期吸入石棉粉尘能对肺部造成纤维化创伤，导致“石棉沉着病”（又叫“石棉肺”），潜伏期能长达15年。1935年，医生们开始注意到，有些石棉沉着病的患者同时也患有肺癌。

   B. 英文维基：

   Asbestos and Law: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos_and_the_law

   原文：

   Health problems attributed to asbestos include:

   1. Asbestosis - A lung disease first found in textile workers, asbestosis is a scarring of the lung tissue from an acid produced by the body’s attempt to dissolve the fibers. The scarring may eventually become so severe that the lungs can no longer function. The latency period (meaning the time it takes for the disease to develop) is often 10-20 years.

   2. Mesothelioma - A cancer of the mesothelial lining of the lungs and the chest cavity, the peritoneum (abdominal cavity) or the pericardium (a sac surrounding the heart). Unlike lung cancer, mesothelioma has no association with smoking. The only established causal factor is exposure to asbestos or similar fibers. The latency period for mesothelioma may be 20-50 years. The prognosis for mesothelioma is grim, with most patients dying within 12 months of diagnosis.

   3. Cancer - Cancer of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, kidney and larynx have been linked to asbestos. The latency period for cancer is often 15-30 years.

   方文（复述，夹杂其它易得网页内容，不一一指出）：

   现在我们已经知道，石棉对健康的危害主要包括三种：

   一种是石棉沉着病，这是由于石棉纤维进入肺部以后，身体免疫系统会试图消灭它们，引起炎性反应，会对肺部造成慢性创伤。这些创伤变得越来越严重，最终会使肺失去了功能。这种疾病的潜伏期通常为10～20年。

   一种是间皮瘤。间皮是包裹和保护内脏器官的膜，例如胸膜、腹膜和心包膜。发生在这些间皮组织的恶性肿瘤就是间皮瘤。接触石棉是唯一已确定的病因，大约70～80％间皮瘤患者有过在工作期间接触石棉的历史。间皮瘤的潜伏期可长达20～50年，多数患者在确诊后的一年内死亡。

   还有就是癌症。世界卫生组织的国际癌症研究机构将石棉列为已知的人类致癌物，能引起肺、肺膜、胃、食道、结肠、直肠、喉和肾脏等部位的癌变。它是最严重的职业性致癌物之一，所造成的死亡占职业性癌症所致死亡的一半左右。

   Asbestos: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos

   原文：

   Talc is sometimes contaminated with asbestos. In 2000, tests in a certified asbestos-testing laboratory found the tremolite form of amphibole asbestos in three out of eight major brands of children’s crayons (oil pastels) that are made partly from talc — Crayola, Prang, and Rose Art. In Crayola crayons, the tests found asbestos levels from 0.05% in Carnation Pink to 2.86% in Orchid; in Prang crayons, the range was from 0.3% in Periwinkle to 0.54% in Yellow; in Rose Art crayons, it was from 0.03% in Brown to 1.20% in Orange. Overall, 32 different types of crayons from these brands contained more than trace amounts of asbestos, and eight others contained trace amounts. The Art and Creative Materials Institute, a trade association which tests the safety of crayons on behalf of the makers, initially insisted the test results must be incorrect, although they later said they do not test for asbestos. In May 2000, Crayola said tests by materials analyst, Richard Lee, of two of its crayons were negative for asbestos, although it later emerged that Lee had testified in lawsuits over 250 times on behalf of the asbestos industry, which paid him US$7 million. In June 2000, Binney & Smith, the maker of Crayola, and the other makers agreed to stop using talc in their products, and changed their product formulations in the United States. The mining company, R T Vanderbilt Co of Gouverneur, New York, which supplied the talc to the crayon makers, insists there is no asbestos in its talc “to the best of our knowledge and belief”, but tests by the United States Mine Safety and Health Administration found asbestos in all four talc samples that it tested in 2000.

   方文（复述时瘦身一下）：

   爽身粉没有必要用到石棉，厂家不可能有意去添加石棉。石棉是怎么跑到婴儿爽身粉的呢？这是因为爽身粉中含有另一种矿物质滑石，而滑石矿经常与含有石棉成分的蛇纹岩混在一起，因此含有滑石的产品有时会被石棉污染。2000年美国曾发生类似的事件。有一家实验室测试了8个品牌的儿童蜡笔，发现3个品牌的 40种蜡笔都含有石棉，其原因就是蜡笔中含有滑石粉。后来这些蜡笔厂家都同意不再在其产品中使用滑石。

   C. WHO《消除石棉相关疾病》: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_SDE_OEH_06.03_chi.pdf （针对WHO的东西，方舟子可抄得愉快了，现成的中文嘛，COPY-PASTE-EDIT用得好熟。）

   原文：

   石棉是最重要的职业性致癌物之一，所造成的死亡占职业性癌症所致死亡的一半左右。

   方文：

   它是最严重的职业性致癌物之一，所造成的死亡占职业性癌症所致死亡的一半左右。

   原文：

   目前全球约有1.25 亿人在工作场所暴露于石棉。据估计，全球每年至少有90,000 人死于职业性暴露引起的石棉相关性肺癌、间皮瘤和石棉肺。此外，据信有数千例死亡可归因于其他石棉相关疾病及非职业性石棉暴露。石棉相关疾病的负担目前仍在上升，甚至那些早在20世纪90 年代就已禁用石棉的国家也是如此。由于石棉相关疾病的潜伏期长，即便现在停止使用石棉,也要在数十年后才能看到与之相关死亡人数减少的效果。

   方文：

   世界卫生组织估计，全球约有1.25亿人在工作环境中接触石棉，每年至少有9万人死于石棉相关疾病。由于石棉相关疾病的潜伏期长，即使现在停止使用石棉，也要在数十年后才能看到减少相关死亡的效果。

   原文：

   要记住目前还没有石棉致癌效应的阈值，但在石棉暴露水平很低的人群中一直观察到致癌风险的增加，因此，消除石棉相关疾病最有效的途径就是停止使用各类石棉。特别令人关注的是建筑业仍继续使用石棉水泥，因为建筑业有大量劳动力，暴露难以控制，现场使用的建筑材料可能对那些从事改建（翻新）、维修和拆除工作的工人构成危险或使危险性增加。在各种不同的应用中，可采用一些纤维材料及对健康无危险性或危险性较小的其他制品来替代石棉。